Around 600 common bugs that live in people's mouths are described in a new database made available to researchers.
Most of the bacteria are believed to be beneficial, and important for maintaining the health of teeth and gums.
A smaller number cause problems such as tooth decay and gum disease. Of these microbes, 45% are only known from their DNA fingerprints and have never been grown in a laboratory.
Another 11% have been cultured, but not yet named.